Space Ranger2.0, printed on 12/26/2024
The spaceranger pipeline outputs unfiltered (raw_feature_bc_matrix) and filtered feature-barcode (filtered_feature_bc_matrix) matrices in two file formats: the Market Exchange Format (MEX), which is described on this page, and Hierarchical Data Format (HDF5), which is described in detail here.
Each element of the matrix is the number of UMIs associated with a feature (row) and a barcode (column).
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Unfiltered feature-barcode matrix | Contains every barcode from fixed list of known-good barcode sequences that has at least one read. This includes background and tissue-associated barcodes. |
| Filtered feature-barcode matrix | Contains only tissue-associated barcodes. For Targeted Gene Expression samples, non-targeted genes are removed from the filtered matrix. For Visium FFPE samples, genes not in the filtered probe set are removed from the filtered matrix by default. |
Each matrix is stored in the Market Exchange Format (MEX) for sparse matrices. It also contains gzipped TSV files with feature and barcode sequences corresponding to row and column indices respectively. For example, the matrices output may look like:
$ cd /home/jdoe/runs/sample345/outs $ tree filtered_feature_bc_matrix filtered_feature_bc_matrix ├── barcodes.tsv.gz ├── features.tsv.gz └── matrix.mtx.gz 0 directories, 3 files
Features correspond to row indices. For each matrix, the components of features.tsv.gz are:
Gene Expression Below is a minimal example features.tsv.gz file showing data collected for three genes .
$ gzip -cd filtered_feature_bc_matrix/features.tsv.gz ENSG00000187634 SAMD11 Gene Expression ENSG00000188976 NOC2L Gene Expression ENSG00000187961 KLHL17 Gene Expression
For Gene Expression data, the ID corresponds to gene_id in the annotation field of the reference GTF. Correspondingly, the name corresponds to gene_name in the annotation field of the reference GTF. If no gene_name field is present in the reference GTF, gene name is equivalent to gene ID.
For multi-species experiments, gene IDs and names are prefixed with the genome name to avoid name collisions between genes of different species e.g. GAPDH becomes hg19_GAPDH and Gm15816 becomes mm10_Gm15816.
Barcode sequences correspond to column indices.
$ gzip -cd filtered_feature_bc_matrices/barcodes.tsv | head -10 AACACTTGGCAAGGAA-1 AACAGGATTCATAGTT-1 AACAGGTTATTGCACC-1 AACAGGTTCACCGAAG-1 AACAGTCAGGCTCCGC-1 AACAGTCCACGCGGTG-1 AACATAGTCTATCTAC-1 AACATCTTAAGGCTCA-1 AACCAATCTGGTTGGC-1 AACCACTGCCATAGCC-1
Each barcode sequence includes a suffix with a dash separator followed by a number:
AACACTTGGCAAGGAA-1
More details on the barcode sequence format are available in the barcoded BAM section.
R and Python support the MEX format, and sparse matrices can be used for more efficient manipulation, as described below:
The R package Matrix supports loading MEX format data, and can be easily used to load the sparse feature-barcode matrix, as shown in the example code below (edit path to the matrix directory in red).
# load package library(Matrix) # set the different file paths of the filtered matrix matrix_dir = "/opt/sample345/outs/filtered_feature_bc_matrix/" barcode.path <- paste0(matrix_dir, "barcodes.tsv.gz") features.path <- paste0(matrix_dir, "features.tsv.gz") matrix.path <- paste0(matrix_dir, "matrix.mtx.gz") # load the matrix.mtx.gz mat_filtered <- readMM(file = matrix.path) # load the feature.tsv.gz feature.names = read.delim(features.path, header = FALSE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # load the barcodes.tsv.gz barcode.names = read.delim(barcode.path, header = FALSE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # set the matrix column and row names colnames(mat_filtered) = barcode.names$V1 rownames(mat_filtered) = feature.names$V1
The csv, os, gzip and scipy.io modules can be used to load a feature-barcode matrix into Python as shown below (edit path to the matrix directory in red).
import csv import gzip import os import scipy.io # define MEX directory matrix_dir = "/opt/sample345/outs/filtered_feature_bc_matrix" # read in MEX format matrix as table mat_filtered = scipy.io.mmread(os.path.join(matrix_dir, "matrix.mtx.gz")) # list of transcript ids, e.g. 'ENSG00000187634' features_path = os.path.join(matrix_dir, "features.tsv.gz") feature_ids = [row[0] for row in csv.reader(gzip.open(features_path, mode="rt"), delimiter="\t")] # list of gene names, e.g. 'SAMD11' gene_names = [row[1] for row in csv.reader(gzip.open(features_path, mode="rt"), delimiter="\t")] # list of feature_types, e.g. 'Gene Expression' feature_types = [row[2] for row in csv.reader(gzip.open(features_path, mode="rt"), delimiter="\t")] # list of barcodes, e.g. 'AAACATACAAAACG-1' barcodes_path = os.path.join(matrix_dir, "barcodes.tsv.gz") barcodes = [row[0] for row in csv.reader(gzip.open(barcodes_path, mode="rt"), delimiter="\t")]
Space Ranger represents the feature-barcode matrix using sparse formats (only the nonzero entries are stored) in order to minimize file size. All of our programs, and many other programs for gene expression analysis, support sparse formats.
However, certain programs (e.g. Excel) only support dense formats (where every row-column entry is explicitly stored, even if it's a zero). Here are a few methods for converting feature-barcode matrices to CSV format:
Follow the steps in Loading matrices into Python section to get the MEX data into a matrix format. To view the matrix as a data table and save as a CSV file, convert the matrix into a pandas dataframe with the following code:
import pandas as pd # transform table to pandas dataframe and label rows and columns matrix = pd.DataFrame.sparse.from_spmatrix(mat_filtered) matrix.columns = barcodes matrix.insert(loc=0, column="feature_id", value=feature_ids) matrix.insert(loc=1, column="gene", value=gene_names) matrix.insert(loc=2, column="feature_type", value=feature_types) # display matrix print(matrix) # save the table as a CSV (note the CSV will be a very large file) matrix.to_csv("mex_matrix_filtered.csv", index=False)
The output should look similar to
feature_id gene feature_type AAACAACGAATAGTTC-1 ...
0 ENSG00000243485 MIR1302-2HG Gene Expression 0
1 ENSG00000237613 FAM138A Gene Expression 0
2 ENSG00000186092 OR4F5 Gene Expression 0
3 ENSG00000238009 AL627309.1 Gene Expression 0
4 ENSG00000239945 AL627309.3 Gene Expression 0
...
You can convert a feature-barcode matrix to dense CSV format using the spaceranger mat2csv command.
This command takes two arguments - an input matrix generated by Space Ranger (either an HDF5 file or a MEX directory), and an output path for the dense CSV. For example, to convert a matrix from a pipestance named sample123 in the current directory, either of the following commands would work:
# convert from MEX $ spaceranger mat2csv sample123/outs/filtered_feature_bc_matrix sample123.csv # or, convert from HDF5 $ spaceranger mat2csv sample123/outs/filtered_feature_bc_matrix.h5 sample123.csv
You can then load sample123.csv into Excel.
Dense files can be very large and may cause Excel to crash, or even fail in mat2csv if your computer doesn't have enough memory. For example, a feature-barcode matrix from a human reference (~33k genes) with ~3k barcodes uses at least 200MB of disk space. Thus, while you can use mat2csv for small datasets, we strongly recommend using R or Python (as shown in the sections above) to examine these matrix files.
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Please see this Q&A article for shell commands to convert MEX files to CSV. This method creates a single file that is sparse (zeroes are ignored).